Measuring criticism of the police in the local news media using large language models

This journal contribution is published Open Access by the publisher. Follow the DOI link to retrieve a copy of the full text. We are grateful to PNAS editors and reviewers for their thoughtful feedback, which significantly improved this work. We are appreciative of Sharon Lynch, Cynthia Lum, and Rayid Ghani for their valuable feedback. We thank Md Towhidul Absar Chowdhury for his guidance in setting up our crowdsourcing experiments. Additionally, we acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions from seminar participants at Princeton University and the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods. All opinions expressed in this paper, as well as any errors, are solely our own.,L.C., S.D., A.R.K., E.S., and D.S.N. designed research; L.C. performed research; L.C. analyzed data; and L.C., S.D., A.R.K., E.S., and D.S.N. wrote the paper.,The authors declare no competing interest.