Personal Guidance System for People with Visual Impairment: A Comparison of Spatial Displays for Route Guidance.

This article reports on a study of route guidance using a navigation system that receives location information from a Global Positioning System receiver. Fifteen visually impaired participants traveled along 50-meter (about 164-foot) paths in each of five conditions that were defined by the type of display interface used. One of the virtual displays-virtual speech-led to the shortest travel times and the highest subjective ratings, despite concerns about the use of headphones.