The Law of One Price? The Impact of IT-Enabled Markets on Consumer Search and Retailer Pricing

Recent IT research has analyzed how the performance of IT-enabled markets may differ from conventional markets. This literature has made two unexpected empirical findings. First, ITenabled markets for commodity goods exhibit significant price dispersion. Second, well-known retailers in these markets appear to cooperate to set high prices. This paper presents an analytic model, and confirmatory empirical evidence, that explains this behavior as a response to the unique characteristics of consumer search in electronic markets. In conventional markets, consumer search costs are primarily a function of the consumer’s physical proximity to retailer outlets — and physical proximity is distributed relatively equally across retailers. In electronic markets, consumer search costs are primarily a function of the consumer’s mental awareness of different retailers — and this awareness is likely to be concentrated in the hands of a few retailers. Based on this model of consumer search, IT-enabled markets for commodity goods exhibit high price dispersion in equilibrium and a few well-known retailers are able to cooperate to set high prices. The predictions of the model are shown to be consistent with empirical data for 23,744 books collected from 24 Internet retailers in late 1999. Viewing consumer search in this manner provides a useful starting point for understanding the likely development of IT-enabled markets, and for understanding the importance of advertising and first-mover advantage for electronic market participants.