This study involved twenty structured interviews with researchers, research and
development (R&D) managers, and other experts in fossil-energy technologies from government,
academia, and the private sector. The intent was to gain a deeper understanding of the kinds of
developments that would constitute a radical innovation in fossil-energy technology and its
potential impact in the associated environmental control domain. The meanings of related terms
often used to describe innovations—such as breakthrough, discontinuity or disruptive—also were
explored in these interviews.